Neurology Minute

In part six of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss the prognosis of functional neurologic disorders.  Show citation:  Gelauff J, Stone J. Prognosis of functional neurologic disorders. Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;139:523-541. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00043-6  Show transcript:  Dr. Jon Stone: This is Jon Stone with the Neurology Minute. Gabriela Gilmour and I are back to continue with part six of our seven-part series on FND. Today we're going to talk about prognosis. What's the outlook for people with FND? It's obviously a question that patients and relatives desperate to know the answer. Gabriela, what do you say to your patients with FND when they say, "What's going to happen to me? Dr. Gabriela Gilmour: That's a difficult question because the prognosis is variable and I'll talk in a moment about what we know about prognosis from the literature. But I think when patients ask me what's going to happen, I try to instill hope because we do know that this is a condi

In part five of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss treatment options.  Show citation:  Gilmour, G.S., Nielsen, G., Teodoro, T. et al. Management of functional neurological disorder. J Neurol 267, 2164–2172 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09772-w  Gilmour GS, Langer LK, Bhatt H, MacGillivray L, Lidstone SC. Factors Influencing Triage to Rehabilitation in Functional Movement Disorder. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2024;11(5):515-525. doi:10.1002/mdc3.14007  Stone J, Carson A. Multidisciplinary Treatment for Functional Movement Disorder. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2025;31(4):1182-1196. doi:10.1212/cont.0000000000001606 Tolchin B, Goldstein LH, Reuber M, et al. Management of Functional Seizures Practice Guideline Executive Summary: Report of the AAN Guidelines Subcommittee. Neurology. 2026;106(1):e214466. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000214466  Show transcript:  Dr. Jon Stone: Hello, this is Jon Stone with the Neurology Minute. Gabriela Gilmour and I are back to continue wi

Dr. Zohaib Siddiqi talks with Dr. Catarina Bernardes about a case involving a 35-year-old woman presenting with personality changes and gait impairment.  Show citation:  Bernardes C, Lemos JM, Santo GC. Clinical Reasoning: A 35-Year-Old Woman With Personality Change and Gait Impairment. Neurology. 2025;104(2):e210252. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000210252  Show transcript:  Dr. Zohaib Siddiqi: Hi, everyone. My name is Zohaib Siddiqi and I'm a fifth-year neurology resident and a part of the Neurology® Resident and Fellow Section Editorial Board. I just finished interviewing Catarina Bernardes about her article, Clinical Reasoning: A 35-year-old Woman with Personality Change and Gait Impairment. Catarina, can you tell us the main points of the article? Dr. Catarina Bernardes: So in this article, we discussed the case of a 35-year-old woman who presented with a three-year history of walking difficulties. On examination, she had signs of a frontal temporal dysfunction, a dorsal lateral myelopathy, optic atrophy, and p

In part four of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss the diagnostic explanation.  Show citation:  Stone J. Functional neurological disorders: the neurological assessment as treatment. Pract Neurol. 2016;16(1):7-17. doi:10.1136/practneurol-2015-001241  Gilmour GS, Lidstone SC. Moving Beyond Movement: Diagnosing Functional Movement Disorder. Semin Neurol. 2023;43(1):106-122. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1763505  Podcast transcript:  Dr. Gabriela Gilmour: This is Gabriela Gilmour with the Neurology Minute. Jon Stone and I are back to continue with part four, of seven, of our series on functional neurological disorder. Today we will focus on the diagnostic explanation. So many patients have never heard of FND before receiving this diagnosis. Can you share how you explain the diagnosis to your patients? Dr. Jon Stone: So I'm aware that many neurologists do find this difficult. And I have to say, having thought about it for 20 years or so now, I think the answer is, don't be weird. Do

In part three of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss causes of functional neurologic disorder.  Show citation:  Hallett M, Aybek S, Dworetzky BA, McWhirter L, Staab JP, Stone J. Functional neurological disorder: new subtypes and shared mechanisms. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(6):537-550. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00422-1 Show transcript:  Dr. Gabriela Gilmour: This is Gabriela Gilmour with the Neurology Minute. Jon Stone and I are back to continue with part three of our seven-part series on functional neurological disorder. Today, we will focus on the causes of FND. So Jon, there have been many advances in our understanding of the mechanism of FND in the last 10, 15 years. And so what do we know about this now? Dr. Jon Stone: I think the key message I want to get across here is that whereas previously we had a very psychiatric, purely psychiatric view of FND, it used to be called conversion disorder, what we've got now is a multi-perspective view of the mechanisms, which me

In part two of this two-part series on this year's World Stroke Congress, Dr. Andy Southerland and Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi discuss the ATLAS meta-analysis.  Learn more on the World Stroke Congress website.  Show transcript:  Dr. Andy Southerland: Hello everyone and welcome to this week's Neurology Minute. For this series, I've been speaking again with my friend and colleague, Seemant Chaturvedi, who is the director of the stroke program at the University of Maryland. And as always, Seemant is sharing hot off the presses results of presentations from this year's World Stroke Congress that was held in Barcelona, Spain in October. And for this Neurology Minute, he is going to be sharing with us the presentation of the ATLAS meta-analysis, a systematic review which looked at pulled data from multiple clinical trials and patients presenting with large vessel occlusions and large ischemic cores, looking at folks randomized between endovascular therapy and best medical management. So Seemant, what were the results of

In part two of this series, Dr. Jeff Ratliff and Dr. Dara Albert discuss what advice they have for people who care for patients with FND.  Show citation:  Miller R, Lidstone S, Perez DL, Albert DVF. Education Research: Targeting Self-Described Knowledge Gaps to Improve Functional Neurologic Disorder Education Among Clinicians. Neurol Educ. 2025;4(3):e200239. Published 2025 Sep 5. doi:10.1212/NE9.0000000000200239  Show transcript:  Dr. Jeff Ratliff: Hi, this is Jeff Ratliff with Neurology Minute. I'm back with Dara Albert for the second neurology minute episode following our podcast episode about her paper published in Neurology® Education titled Education Research Targeting Self-Described Knowledge Gaps to Improve Functional Neurologic Disorder Education among Clinicians. Dara, what advice do you have for people who take care of patients with FND now that you've learned about the types of knowledge gaps and misunderstandings that exist in the healthcare community about FND? Dr. Dara Albert: I think it's reall

Drs. Dan Ackerman, Valérie Biousse, and Nancy J. Newman discuss the clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and the importance of accurate diagnosis in managing CRAO and BRAO.  Show citation: Bénard-Séguin É, Nahab F, Pendley AM, et al. Eye stroke protocol in in the emergency department. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2024;33(9):107895. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.107895 

In part one of this two-part series on this year's World Stroke Congress, Dr. Andy Southerland and Dr. Seemant Chaturvedi discuss the TRIDENT trial.  Learn more on the World Stroke Congress website. 

In part two of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss pitfalls in the diagnostic process.  Show citation:  Finkelstein SA, Popkirov S. Functional Neurological Disorder: Diagnostic Pitfalls and Differential Diagnostic Considerations. Neurol Clin. 2023;41(4):665-679. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2023.04.001   

In part one of this seven-part series on FND, Dr. Jon Stone and Dr. Gabriela Gilmour discuss the process of diagnosing FND.  Show citation:  Aybek S, Perez DL. Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder. BMJ. 2022;376:o64. Published 2022 Jan 24. doi:10.1136/bmj.o64 

In the final episode of our five-part series on primary progressive aphasia (PPA), Dr. Rogan Magee discusses bedside testing for PPA.  Show citations:  Show citations:  Grossman M, Seeley WW, Boxer AL, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):40. Published 2023 Aug 10. doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0  Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006-1014. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 Santos-Santos MA, Rabinovici GD, Iaccarino L, et al. Rates of Amyloid Imaging Positivity in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):342-352. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4309 Mandelli ML, Lorca-Puls DL, Lukic S, et al. Network anatomy in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44(11):4390-4406. doi:10.1002/hbm.26388  Putcha D, Erkkinen M, Daffner KR. Functional Neurocircuitry of Cognition and Cognitive Syndromes. In: Silbersweig DA, Safar LT, Daffn

Dr. Alex Menze and Dr. Kristen Dams-O'Connor discuss traumatic encephalopathy syndrome and its relationship with traumatic brain injury.  Show Citation:  Dams-O'Connor K, Selmanovic E, Pruyser A, et al. Traumatic Encephalopathy Syndrome in the Late Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury (LETBI) Study Cohort. Neurology. 2025;1(2):e000015.  doi:10.1212/WN9.0000000000000015

In part one of this series, Dr. Jeff Ratliff and Dr. Dara Albert discuss the themes or buckets that self-identified FND knowledge gaps fall into.  Show citation:  Miller R, Lidstone S, Perez DL, Albert DVF. Education Research: Targeting Self-Described Knowledge Gaps to Improve Functional Neurologic Disorder Education Among Clinicians. Neurol Educ. 2025;4(3):e200239. Published 2025 Sep 5. doi:10.1212/NE9.0000000000200239 

In the December episode of the President's Spotlight, Dr. Jason Crowell speaks with Dr. Natalia Rost to provide an overview of the Academy's journey through 2025.  Show reference:  https://www.aan.com/about-the-aan/presidents-spotlight  

In the fourth installment of our series on primary progressive aphasia (PPA), Dr. Rogan Magee discusses semantic variant PPA.  Show citations:  Grossman M, Seeley WW, Boxer AL, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):40. Published 2023 Aug 10. doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0  Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006-1014. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 Santos-Santos MA, Rabinovici GD, Iaccarino L, et al. Rates of Amyloid Imaging Positivity in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):342-352. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4309 Mandelli ML, Lorca-Puls DL, Lukic S, et al. Network anatomy in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44(11):4390-4406. doi:10.1002/hbm.26388  Putcha D, Erkkinen M, Daffner KR. Functional Neurocircuitry of Cognition and Cognitive Syndromes. In: Silbersweig DA, Safar LT, Daffner KR. eds. Neuropsychiat

In the third installment of our series on primary progressive aphasia (PPA), Dr. Rogan Magee discusses nonfluent/agrammatic PPA.  Show citations:  Grossman M, Seeley WW, Boxer AL, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):40. Published 2023 Aug 10. doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0  Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006-1014. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 Santos-Santos MA, Rabinovici GD, Iaccarino L, et al. Rates of Amyloid Imaging Positivity in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):342-352. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4309 Mandelli ML, Lorca-Puls DL, Lukic S, et al. Network anatomy in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44(11):4390-4406. doi:10.1002/hbm.26388  Putcha D, Erkkinen M, Daffner KR. Functional Neurocircuitry of Cognition and Cognitive Syndromes. In: Silbersweig DA, Safar LT, Daffner KR. eds. Neuropsych

Dr. Alex Menze and Professor Hakan Cetin discuss the need to reevaluate the approach to diagnosing and treating seronegative myasthenia gravis.  Show citations:  Krenn M, Wagner M, Schuller H, et al. Screening for Congenital Myasthenic Syndromes in Adults With Seronegative Myasthenia Gravis Using Next-Generation Sequencing. Neurology. 2025;105(8):e214177. doi:10.1212/WNL.0000000000214177 

Dr. Gregg Day and Professor Jonathan Rohrer discuss the significance of studying individuals at risk of developing genetic frontotemporal dementia, focusing on how early cognitive changes before symptoms appear can inform research and future therapeutic trials.  Show citation: Russell LL, Bouzigues A, Convery RS, et al. Executive Function Deficits in Genetic Frontotemporal Dementia: Results From the GENFI Study. Neurol Genet. 2025;11(4):e200248. Published 2025 Jul 21. doi:10.1212/NXG.0000000000200248 

In the second installment of our series on primary progressive aphasia (PPA), Dr. Rogan Magee discusses logopenic PPA.  Show citations:  Grossman M, Seeley WW, Boxer AL, et al. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9(1):40. Published 2023 Aug 10. doi:10.1038/s41572-023-00447-0  Gorno-Tempini ML, Hillis AE, Weintraub S, et al. Classification of primary progressive aphasia and its variants. Neurology. 2011;76(11):1006-1014. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821103e6 Santos-Santos MA, Rabinovici GD, Iaccarino L, et al. Rates of Amyloid Imaging Positivity in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75(3):342-352. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4309 Mandelli ML, Lorca-Puls DL, Lukic S, et al. Network anatomy in logopenic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Hum Brain Mapp. 2023;44(11):4390-4406. doi:10.1002/hbm.26388  Putcha D, Erkkinen M, Daffner KR. Functional Neurocircuitry of Cognition and Cognitive Syndromes. In: Silbersweig DA, Safar LT, Daffner KR. eds. Neuropsychiatry and